The Podkletnov Impulse: One Swing, Priced · Signals from the Periphery

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THE LAB

Impulse on the bob

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Acceleration at this τ

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EM cost of the stack

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THE PODKLETNOV IMPULSE · ONE SWING, PRICED
'A 14-centimeter deflection of an 18.5-gram bob' (p. 169)
the table, the geometry and the bank are the papers'
the impulse, the divisor and the bills are arithmetic on them
10 MV, 200 km and thousands of c are interview claims
fire it · divide it · cross the wall · time it

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Evidence

fact ⇄ what kind of claim · live

'A 14-centimeter deflection ... at a distance of 150 meters' (p. 169); 'about 500,000 g with the passage of each 100-nanosecond shock front' (p. 170); 'no back mechanical reaction' (p. 172); 'sixty-three to sixty-four times the speed of light' (p. 172)

the book's own words with page numbers; the last two are letters to the author, not published measurements

REPORTED

Table 1, Podkletnov & Modanese 2001: 56.5 mm at 500 kV rising to 142.0 mm at 2,000 kV, an 18.5 g sphere on 800 mm, twelve shots averaged

the only published relation between the dial and the effect; the book rounds the last row to 14 cm

MEASURED

Stations at 3-6 m and 150 m, 'identical within the experimental errors'; 0.3 m brick and a 25 mm steel sheet, plus 0.8 m more brick at 150 m; Marx bank 20 × 25 nF; discharge 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻⁴ s; bobs of 10-50 g, read by eye

the apparatus and the protocol as published, which is what the bench builds

MEASURED

Impulse 9.23×10⁻³ N·s and 2.30 mJ; a = Δv/τ; E = Jc = 2.77 MJ; δ = √(2ρ/ωµ); the equal-Δv column mass; D + 2·1.22λz/D

geometry and arithmetic on the published numbers, with no free parameter

EXACT

The brick's loss tangent, the mesh's shielding, the steel's permeability, the concrete plug's shear strength, the electron range in steel

assumed constants, each on a dial across its plausible range

MODELLED

Whether an impulse that no ordinary mechanism explains, and that no bill on this bench can pay, is an artefact or a discovery

the one question this bench refuses to close for you

READING

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The test

Discharge voltage2,000 kV · 142.0 mm

The deflection is read off Table 1 of the 2001 paper, not a formula. Below 500 kV the paper has no data and the bench draws a straight line to the origin.

The mechanism

Bob mass18.5 g

The paper tested 10 to 50 grams of metal, glass, ceramics, wood, rubber and plastic, and reports equal deflection within 5 to 7 per cent. Under the other mechanism the deflection falls as 1/m.

Camera

The columnthe 10 cm core through every layer it crosses

Labels

The ledger

Divisor τ100.0 µs · 509 g

The time you divide the launch speed by. The papers use 10⁻⁴ s, the discharge they measured. The book uses 100 ns, which is the 2003 laser sensor's rise time. Nothing about the bob changes.

Erected capacitance1.25 nF · 2.5 kJ

Twenty 25 nF stages in series is 1.25 nF, so the bank holds 2.5 kJ at 2 MV. The paper's own 0.1 C implies 10⁵ J and the 2003 paper says 10⁶ J; both are marked.

Perfect mirrora reflected pulse buys the same momentum with half the energy

The wall and the beam

Range of the air column150.0 m

6 m to 200 km, the whole span from the paper's near station to the range claimed in the Jane's interview. The momentum bill grows in proportion.

Apparatus mass200 kg · 4.90 cm/s

What the recoil acts on. A hand resting on a bench detects about a millimetre a second.

Frequency content31.83 kHz

A feature of duration τ carries content to about 1/πτ: 3.2 kHz for a 100 µs discharge, 31.8 kHz for a 10 µs one, 3.2 MHz for the book's 100 ns figure.

Steel resistivity1.5×10⁻⁸ Ω·m

Mild steel, 1.0 to 2.0 ×10⁻⁷ Ω·m.

Steel permeabilityµr 100

1 to 1,000. Permeability is why steel and not copper sets the bill: the skin depth falls as its square root.

Wavelength30.0 m

10 nm to 10 km. The pulse's own features are 30 m for the 100 ns figure and 3 km for the 10 µs discharge.

The timing

Baseline1.2 km

0.1 m to 2 km. The 2012 run used 1,211 m between two piezoelectric sensors, each on a synchronised rubidium clock.

Claimed speed64 c

1 c to 10,000 c. 64 c is the 2012 figure; 'several thousand' is the book's, and appears in no paper.

Feature width40 ns

1 ns to 1 µs. The 2012 laser attenuation dip lasts 34 to 48 ns, and a delay cannot be read to better than the edge that carries it.

Ground wave speed1,500 m/s

Loose soil 200 to 800, saturated ground 1,500, sediment 2,000 to 4,500, granite 5,000 to 6,000.

Readout · live

deflection · angle

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impulse · energy

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acceleration at this τ

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radiation-pressure bill

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the stack, electromagnetically

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the column · mass, impulse

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claimed delay · feature widths

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What is reported vs computed here

Reported: every quotation from the book with its page; the deflection table, the two stations, the shielding, the Marx bank, the discharge current and duration, the bob masses and materials, the 63 ns delay and the 15 mg null, each from the paper that printed it. Exact: the swing chain from deflection to impulse; the divisor; E = Jc; the skin depths; the equal-Δv column masses and the recoil; the diffraction envelope; the arrival ladder and the resolution it demands. Modelled: the brick's loss tangent, the mesh's shielding effectiveness, the concrete plug and the steel dent, the electron range. Reading: what the file adds up to.

The model, in full

The swing: sin θ = Δl/L, Δh = L(1 − cos θ), Δv = √(2gΔh), J = mΔv, E = ½mΔv², with L = 0.80 m and m = 18.5 g, and Δl read off Table 1 of Podkletnov & Modanese 2001 at the dialled voltage. Under the gravitational reading every mass in the beam gets the same Δv; under the pressure reading every mass shares one J, so Δv = J/m and the deflection follows from Δh = Δv²/2g, reported as a slack thread when Δh exceeds L. The divisor: a = Δv/τ, F = J/τ. The radiation bill: E = Jc, halved for a perfect mirror; the Marx bank holds ½CV² with C = 25 nF/20. The wall: δ = √(2ρ/ωµ₀µr) for the conductors, α = (ω/c)√εr·tanδ/2 for the brick, 20 log₁₀(λ/2g) for the mesh, summed in decibels. The column: every layer's mass is the beam's 7.85×10⁻³ m² times its thickness times its density, and its impulse is that mass times Δv; the recoil is the total over the apparatus mass. Diffraction: w(z) = D + 2·1.22λz/D beyond z_R = D²/λ, and the ceiling is λ ≤ D²/z. Timing: t = b/v for each speed, and the resolution to separate v from v+1 c is b/c·(1/v − 1/(v+1)). All of it is pinned by scripts/podkletnov-impulse-tune.mjs.

Where this instrument takes liberties

The room is drawn: no photograph of the apparatus has been published, so the corridor, the rack, the lamps, the cage's mesh and the beam's violet are this bench's, following figs. 6.3 and 6.4 of the book and section 2 of the 2001 paper. Every distance, thickness and deflection in it is to scale. The equal-Δv column assumes the beam pushes a cylinder of its own diameter and nothing outside it, which is the strongest form of the claim as reported and also the cheapest; a wider profile costs more, not less. The skin-depth calculation treats each sheet as a plane conductor at a single frequency rather than integrating the pulse's spectrum, which is why the frequency is a dial. The concrete plug and the steel dent are order-of-magnitude models with their assumptions printed on the card. The 5 mm imprint resolution, the 34-48 ns dip and the 63 ns delay are taken as printed. Where the book's figure differs from the paper's, both are shown, the paper's in steel and the book's in amber, and the difference is named rather than resolved.

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